Nyansapɛfo Adalberto Luis Val nhwehwɛmu a odi kan yɛ wɔ tambaqui nam no ho reda nsakrae a ɛba wɔ wim nsakrae mu wɔ Brazil adi, a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa mu nkabom wɔ abɔde ahorow ne aduan ahobammɔ ho.
Berɛ a na Adalberto Luis Val yɛ abarimaa wɔ São Paulo akuraase no, na ɔtaa hwɛ ɔtare a na ne papa de no kɔyɛɛ wɔ hɔ no mu na obisa sɛ ɛyɛɛ dɛn na abɔde a wɔ guare wɔ aseɛ hɔ no nyinaa tumi tenaa ase. Da bi, ɔde asau yii bi, de guu ahina mu, de baa fie sɛ ɔbɛhwɛ. Adekyeɛ no, na wɔn nyinaa awuwu. Val werɛ hoeɛ nanso n'ani gyeeɛ.
Yɛ ntɛm kɔ Manaus a ɛyɛ ɛnnɛ, kuropɔn a ɛwɔ Brazil Amazon kwaebirentuw mu na ɛyɛ Val fie firi 1980 mfe no ahyɛaseɛ, a wama aboa de atwa mu wɔ mfe aduonum a atwam no mu ama ayɛ ɛberɛm wɔ atifi fam nsuonyinam nyansahu mu.
Nhoma a wanya abasobɔ a wɔfrɛ no ecophysiologist, Val, a seesei wadi mfe 70, sɛɛ ne ho adesua wɔ nkwa a mpataa nya firi nsuo mu wɔ nam gills, gases ne nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ biochemistry mu – na wowuwu bere a abɔde mu nsakrae yɛ basabasa. Saa na tambaqui twee n'ani.
Anoma a wɔde wɔn ahyɛ ebuw mu no na na wɔyɛ nneɛma a ɛkanfoɔ mu a ɛde kɔkɔbɔ ma ntɛm wɔ ɔyaw a ɛwɔ bepɔwpaa a wɔtu afahyɛ no mu. Wɔ Amazon kwaem a wiemhyew abɔ no mu no, ɛno yɛ adwuma a ɛyɛ tambaqui no dea. Nnipa a wɔpɛ aduanpa paa no ani gye nkyene a ɛso paa yi, nsu mu apata a “ɔhome wɔ nsu ani” ( Colossoma macropomum ) yi ho, na ɛsɔre bere a ɔhyew a akɔ soro no ma oxygen a ɛwɔ nsu mu no sian kɔ fam yiye na carbon dioxide foro kɔ soro no.
Ɛno yɛ nkɔso nhyehyɛe a tambaqui no abɛtumi ayɛ wɔ mfe ɔpepepem pii mu, ɛnam n’ano ase ano a epue ntɛmntɛm a wɔayɛ sɛ ɛbɛtwe nsuo a oxygen wom wɔ nsuo no ani so no nti. Val nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ tambaqui no akyi di nso bɛtumi ayɛ akwan a ɛyɛ papa sen biara a wɔfa so hwɛ sɛdeɛ Amazon kwaeɛ no ankasa tumi gyina ano.
"Mfeɛ ɔpepem 65 ni yɛanya ewiem tebea a ɛyɛ pintinn na yɛtumi hyɛ ho nkɔm wɔ Amazon basin mu, a nsuo mu oxygen dodoɔ foro wɔ anadwo a ɛyɛ nwunu mu na ɛtɔ wɔ awia a ɛyɛ hyew mu," Val ka. "Ɛfiri Industrial Revolution no so rekɔ no, biribiara hyɛɛ aseɛ sɛ ɛyɛ soronko."
Nhwehwɛmufo panyin bi a ɔwɔ National Institute for Amazonian Studies (INPA) mu, Val huu sɛ nsuo mu mpataa a ɛwɔ hyew mmeae, sen wɔn a wɔwɔ mmeae a emu nnyɛ hyew no koraa, wɔn ho yɛ mmerɛw yie wɔ hyew, fuamu ne nnuru a ɛwɔ nsu ne mframa mu nsakraeɛ ho.
Fa nnipa nan asoɔden a ɛda nsutɔ kwaeɛ no so no ka ho, firi twitwa-na-hyew kuayɛ ne akyirikyirisɛm agudeɛ tuo kɔsi nnuru ahorow a ɛsɔne kɔ nsuwansuwa mu no, na nsubɔnten mu mmoadoma bebree a wɔgye wɔn din no rebɔ wɔn bra wɔ asehyeɛ ano dedaw. Wɔ mfeɛ pii a Val de akyerɛ wim nsakraeɛ a ɛreba abom wɔ Amazonia no akyi no, n’adwuma no deɛ ɛretwe wiase nyinaa adwene aba ne so.
Wɔ July 30 no, ɔtuu kwan kɔɔ University of Southampton wɔ UK sɛ ɔbɛgye Fisheries Society of the British Isles no Le Cren Medal a ɛwɔ dibea kɛse no wɔ ne nkwa nna mu adwuma a ɔyɛ maa amanaman ntam nsu mu nyansahu ho.
Na eyi nyɛ abetrɔfe a wɔde si didipono so bi kɛkɛ: na nyansahwɛfo tiawa yi a wonim no wɔ ne kyɛw akɛse ne n’anim serew ne ne nhoma 22 ne nyansahu nkrataa bɛyɛ 280 ho no, anya Brazil Grand Cross a ɛyɛ National Order of Scientific Merit mu abetrɔfe ne American Fisheries Society Award of Excellence dedaw.
Afe yi mu Le Cren badua no ne nea edi kan a wɔde ma nhomanimfo wɔ mman a ɛyɛ hyew no mu, ɛyɛ wiase nyinaa gyinapɛn a wɔde kyerɛ baabi a wiase abɔde ahorow dɔɔso na wɔntoatoaa so nhwehwɛ mu, na baabi a ɔko a wɔde siw wimdi nsakrae ano no yɛ den sen biara.
“Wɔayɛ adwuma kɛse pii wɔ wim nsakrae ho wɔ North America ne atifi fam Europe. Nanso obiara nnyɛɛ eyi pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ equator so, baabi a nkurɔfoɔ dɔɔso rekɔ soro,” sɛ Chris Wood, University of British Columbia abɔdeɛ mu nimdefo na Val yɔnko a wayɛ Amazon ho nhwehwɛmu bere tenten no kae. “Fa wim nsakrae, fĩ ne kwaeɛ a wɔsɛe no ka ntutu kɛse a ɛrekɔ mman a emu yɛ hyew no mu ho, na wobenya ahum pa ara no.”
Wimadmaa nsakraeɛ ne mframa bɔne a ɛfiri mu ba no, mpɛn pii no, wɔte nka, nanso ɛnyɛ daa na wɔte aseɛ yie, na nea ɛkyɛn no ne sɛ wɔbɛsusu ho. Val siesiee ne ho sɛ ɔbɛsesa saa. Nnyinasoɔ nyansahu nhwehwɛmu ka kyerɛɛ no sɛ sukɔtɔ mu mpataa dɔɔso wɔ ɔhyew mu a ɛnterɛ bebree, wɔ 27C ne 31C ntam (80.6-87.8F). Biribiara a ɛboro saa so no bɛtumi ayɛ owu.
Enti Val ne ne kuw a wɔwɔ INPA no kyekyɛɛ wɔn nhwehwɛmu dan no mu nkyekyɛm anan de hwɛɛ tambaqui ne nsu mu abɔde foforo ho nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ nkwa bere a ɔhyew ne ɔpɛ no mu yɛ den no.
Wɔyɛɛ adan abiɛsa de kyerɛɛ sɛnea wim nsakrae nkɛntɛnso rebɛkɔ soro no – ketewa, mfinimfini ne nea ano yɛ den – sɛnea Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), wiase nyinaa Asase ho nyansahufo kuw no, akyerɛ ama afe 2100.
Nea ɛto so anan no yɛɛ adwuma sɛ control chamber, a ɛsan yɛɛ ɛnnɛ mmere yi mu ɔhyew, carbon dioxide dodow, hann ne fuamu a ɛwɔ asubɔnten no mu no bio a egyinaa real-time data a ɛfiri sensors a wɔde asisi abantenten bi so wɔ kwae no mu de kɔmaa no so.
Nya wiase adwene foforo denam nsɛm a ɛyɛ papa, nneɛma titiriw, adwene ne mfoni a wɔaboaboa ano a yɛn wiase nkɔso dwumadikuw aboaboa ano no so
Wohunuu sɛ hyew a emu yɛ den dodo no ma nsuo mu hyew kɔ soro, a ɛma oxygen a ɛwɔ nsuo no mu so tew na ɛsɛe asubɔnten mu nsuomnam no ntini nkabom, honam mu adwumayɛ ne nipadua mu nsakraeɛ. Na ɛnyɛ nsuohweankoma a ɛwɔ kwaeɛmuo baako pɛ na na ɛwɔ asiane mu.
“Tambaqui soa aba fa nsubɔntene kwan so,” Val ka. “Enti, tambaqui a wɔretutu no si kwae no ankasa nkɔso ho kwan.”
Wɔ laboratri no akyi no, ne kuw no hwɛɛ sɛnea ɔhyew a ɛrekɔ soro no maa ɔpɛ bere no tɛɛe de kɔɔ ɔsɛe mu: ɔpɛ bere a emu yɛ den a wɔtwaa mu wɔ 2023 ne 2024 mu no maa nam ne nsu dolphin pii wui wɔ Amazon basin no nyinaa so. Brazil mmoa ne afifide ahorow ho tumi diifo, ICMBio, nnansa yi de tambaqui akɔ mmoa ahorow a wɔwɔ asehwe mu no ho kyerɛw mu.
Val adwuma no nso bɔ kɔkɔ sɛ amanaman a ɛwɔ ahoyɛ mu nsuten no yɛ wɔn a wobetumi anya haw koraa afi nnipa a wɔyɛ nnitranihaw a ɛkɔ akyiri wɔ atenae ho. Kwaeɛ a wɔtwa ne nea wɔhye no de ɔwia bɔne ne nso gu mframa ne nsu a ɛsɛn mu. Nnuru a ɛdwiri fi sikakɔkɔɔ twa ne mfuw so kuayɛ mu no kowie wɔ nsubɔntɛn ne nsu a ɛda asase ase mu, ma ɛsɛe nsu a yɛnom, ma nam yɛ fĩ na ɛma nnipa yare esiane adehuo a ɛyɛ hu kakra a ɛyɛ kɔbere, mercury, microplastics ne nnuru a wokum mmoawammoawa.
Amazon a emu yɛ hyew na nsu wɔ mu kɛse no betumi nso de nneɛma a emu yɛ bɔne a ɛyɛ toxic aba anaasɛ ɛde ntontom bebree bɛba, na wɔn a wɔde nyarewa te sɛ atiridii, dengue ne chikungunya ba.
Ɔhaw ahorow a wɔaka abom no de ahunahuna nkurɔfo ɔpepem 40 a wɔatrɛtrɛw wɔ aman awotwe a ɛwɔ Amazon Basin mu no, baabi a nsu papa mu nam a wɔkyere no betumi akyerɛ aduan ara nyinaa mu 90% no. Ɛwɔ mu sɛ nam yɛ 6.7% a wiase nyinaa di protein no mu de, nanso nnipa ɔpepem 3.1 na wɔde wɔn ho to nam so sɛ ɛbɛboa wɔn protein a wonya no da biara no mu nkyɛmu anum mu baako, titiriw wɔ wiase anafo fam, baabi a mpoano ne nsubɔntene ho nkurɔfo de wɔn ho to nam a wɔkyere so sɛ ɛbɛyɛ wɔn aduan mu 70%.
Val n'adwuma kae yɛn sɛ nea ɛkɔ so wɔ Amazon no ho hia, na ɛnni ntease, na asɛm no nnyɛ sɛnea wɔbɛsiw ewiem nsakrae amanehunu kɛse no kwan a nyansahu a ɛkɔ anim wɔ amuna man no mu ne nsu akwan a ɛma ne nkwa so no nnim.
Nea ɛhaw adwene ne sɛ, ɔsan kyerɛ sɛ sika a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu ne mfiridwuma adwuma wɔ Amazon basin aman no mu no yɛ fa bi ketewaa ( 3% kɔsi 4% ) wɔ Brazil sika a wɔde gu nyansahu mu nyinaa mu. Nea efi mu ba ne wiase mu beae a yɛnhu hwee a yɛn nyinaa bɔ mu bu animtiaa ma yɛn ho aba asiane mu.
“Abɔde biara a ɛwɔ Amazon no kura nsɛm bebree a ɛfa baabi a ɛte ho a ɛho hia paa wɔ adwuma a ɛne sɛ yɛbɛhwɛ nsu mu abɔde so, na yɛakora kwae no nyinaa so,” ɔka.
"Sɛ yɛsɛe biribi a, mpɛn pii no yɛresɛe nea yennim – ebia yɛrehwere nimdeɛ a ɛho hia a yennya nnye na ebia yɛrennya da."
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